Seeded free-electron lasers (FELs), which use frequency up-conversion of an external seed laser to improve temporal coherence, are considered ideal for supplying stable, fully coherent, soft X-ray ...

The distribution of content involves the need to adapt digital information to its means of carriage — what we typically call transmission — and to understand that fully, we need to understand the ...

Have you ever heard terms like modulation scheme, orthoganal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or symbol rate and scratched your head? As new wireless standards emerge, we get excited about the ...

Fundamental to all wireless communications is modulation, the process of impressing the data to be transmitted on the radio carrier. Most wireless transmissions today are digital, and with the limited ...

Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform (a constant amplitude and ...

QAM is used to achieve greater spectrum efficiency. This is accomplished by utilizing both the amplitude and phase components to modulate, or alter, the waveform. In this scenario, the QAM waveform ...

Modern satellites enable high data rate communications for emerging applications like connected cars and 5G. You employ complex modulation schemes to improve spectral efficiency and minimize nonlinear ...

As our society’s hunger for data grows—not only more data, but more data delivered faster—older modulation schemes based on NRZ-type encoding grow increasingly inadequate. We need to get data from ...

While delivering 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE) transport over optical connections is growing in metro and core networks, adoption of optical-based 10GE solutions has been slowed in the enterprise data ...