Amount of pearlite increases with %C. At 0.8% C : structure is entirely pearlitic. More than 0.8% C : (hyper-eutectoid steels), excess cementite forms around grain boundaries in pearlitic matrix.

Characterizing structural evolution alongside mechanical behaviour is challenging for micro- and nanostructured materials, highlighting the need for advancing in situ characterization techniques.

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors ...

Using novel, nationally representative data from the 2026 AI supplement to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Business Trends and Outlook Survey (BTOS), we characterize AI diffusion across three layers: ...

Abstract: We present a novel design approach to reduce the overall microstructure diameter (MSD) of multi-layered anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF) while maintaining their exceptional optical ...