Where innate immunity stays agile and nonspecific so that it can catch everything, adaptive immunity is more fine-tuned and applies specific tactics to each unique threat. For example, it can tell the ...

Unlike transient innate immune activation, trained immunity is characterized by long-lasting but reversible functional reprogramming of monocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and ...

The immune system can be further classified into the innate and adaptive immune systems. Although innate myeloid cells, such as macrophages, generate a ‘trained’ immune response following antigen ...

Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) remains the leading immunological cause of kidney allograft loss, yet its humoral origins are incompletely understood.

Dozens of new discoveries reveal that defenses evolved by bacteria and viruses billions of years ago still define our own innate immune system. Evolutionary arms races — where one species is pitted ...