A 4-bit ADC converts an analog signal into one of 16 digital levels. This digital output can be fed into a 4-bit DAC to reconstruct the analog signal in stepped form. However, the DAC output contains abrupt transitions and high-frequency components. An LC low-pass filter is used after the DAC to smooth out these steps, allowing only the desired low-frequency signal to pass while attenuating the switching noise and ripples, resulting in a cleaner analog output. #adc #dac #lcfilter #electronicsrd